fenestrae:Īn large opening in the skeleton, from the Latin word for "window") Antorbital fenestra: a large opening in the facial bones of dinosaurs and their relatives, anterior to the orbit and posterior to the naris ( fenestra, pl.These bones are joined by sutures: depending on the type of suture, the joint can Although the skulls of vertebrates are composed of many bones, NOTE: Almost all bones and landmarks of the skull are paired, with one on the right Important Bones and Landmarks of the Skull So there may be some difference in names we use here compared to ones you have encountered elsewhere. Furthermore, human anatomy (and veterinarian anatomy) mixes the terminology even more, particularly with regards to anatomical directions. That said, mammalogists have long used different names for a few of these bones (for instance, the "jugal" is instead called the "zygoma" and the "dorsal" series of vertebrae is subdivided into an anterior "thoracic" section and a posterior "lumbar" section). It includes standardized terminology for non-mammalian vertebrates. With Latin rather than English plurals are noted below)Ĭomplications in Names: The anatomical terminology we use in this course has a long tradition: used by Owen, by 20th Century paleontologists such as Alfred Sherwood Romer and George Gaylord Simpson, and many others. (Incidentally, anatomical terms are for the most part based on Latin words. The appendicular skeleton (forelimb, hindlimb, and their girdles).The axial skeleton (spine, ribs, and related features of the neck, trunk, and tail).The postcranium (everything posterior to the cranium), composed of:.The cranium (braincase, face, and upper jaw).The skeleton of a dinosaur (or other vertebrate) is divided into a couple of different Joints, etc.) used for identifying the position of bones or other features of the anatomy. Instead of "anterior/posterior" (and "rostral/caudal" within the head itself))Īnatomical views: when a specimen is illustrated, the anatomical view represents thatĪnatomical landmarks: particular homologous structures on the skeleton (openings, Proximal and distal are normally used only for the limbs, and occasionally for the.Proximal (towards the trunk)/ Distal (away from the trunk).Medial (towards the middle)/ Lateral (towards the sides).Dorsal (up and out through the spine)/ Ventral (down and out through.Anterior (towards the tip of the snout)/ Posterior (towards the tip of the.Muscles pull by becoming shorter they cannot PUSH (instead, a separate set of muscles has to act in order to move the joint back to the.Bones are connected to other bones by ligaments bones are connected to muscles by tendons.These joints may be immobile (like many joints in the skull) or permit motion (such as between Protection of organs: such as the facial bones protect the sensory capsules, the braincase protects the brain, the ribs protect the.Homologous structures: the same anatomical structure, regardless of function.Īnalogous structures: represent different units of anatomy serving the same function.Ĭomparative anatomy seeks to describe the structure of the bodies of organisms in terms Labeled skeletons of Camarasaurus and Tyrannosaurus image courtesy of Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week Major sections of the skeleton include the skull, the axial skeleton (vertebral column and other parts along the main trunk of the body), and the appendicular skeleton (the pectoral girdle and forelimb, and the pelvic girdle and hindlimb.).Anatomical directions and landmarks are used to described the position of different anatomical features.Bones and other features of anatomy are given formal names (normally based on Latin).The bodies of vertebrates have homologous structures (the same body part, regardless of its particular shape and function) as well as analogous structures (non-homologous parts used for the same function).
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